Coast Live Oaks
Coast Live Oak in the Presidio, mid-1990s.
Not far from the edge of a landfill on the Presidio are a few precious Coast Live Oaks (Quercus agrifolia) coast live oaks (Quercus agrifolia), potent symbols of life and renewal. When the winter rains come, new leaves emerge and catkins release their pollen to the wind. Later, as spring nears, endosperm fills the bulging acorns. The hummingbirds come then, too, and engage in dazzling courtship displays for each other, building nests in the oaks as early as February.
To the California Indians of the San Francisco peninsula, the coast live oak was more than a symbol. It was perhaps the single most important plant species to the indigenous peoples of San Francisco. They ate acorns, created bowls and utensils from the wood, and started fires with the bark and wood. Medicinal remedies were prepared from oak bark and leaves (Bocek 1984).
Countless other organisms are equally dependent on coast live oak woodlands, which harbor more wildlife than any other terrestrial plant community in this region. Coast live oaks are host to more species of small moths, for example, than any other species on the San Francisco peninsula (De Benedictis et al. 1990). These moths and the many other invertebrates found on a coast live oak feed a wide variety of birds, including Huttons vireo, which is virtually dependent on the oakit has been described as the spirit of the live oak tree (Davis 1995). This songbird about the size of your palmnot much bigger than a hummingbirdflits methodically around the oak canopy snapping up caterpillars, weevils, and countless other insects. Its hanging nests, woven from lichens, leaves, and strips of bark and held together with spider silk, have been found in the Presidio's oak woodlands. Its numbers have dramatically declined throughout San Francisco and the Bay Area as oak woodlands have been destroyed by development. Its decline on the Presidio may have begun as early as the late 18th century when the first Europeans arrived and began cutting its oak woodlands to supply firewood for a growing population.
To these Europeans, the oaks were almost an afterthought. On a spring day in 1776 one of the first Europeans to see this land worried more about the lack of tall trees for timber. There is not a tree on all those hills, Father Pedro Font wrote, though the oaks and other trees along the road are not very far away (Bolton 1931). Like the California Indians they displaced, the Spanish and mestizo (people of mixed Spanish/Indian descent from Mexico) soldiers depended on the surrounding land for food, clean water, and shelter. They brought cattle to graze the grasslands, cleared other areas for vegetable gardens, and harvested firewood from the oak groves.
By the time the U.S. Army took over the Presidio in 1846, its landscape had been so altered that few trees remained. With the ability to resprout vigorously, oaks had survived periodic fires and occasional wood harvesting by California Indians, but the garrisons growing needs eventually depleted the woodlands. "In providing fuel for the use of troops," one resident wrote in 1859, "the thickets of scrub oaks in the [Presidio] Reserve [have] been destroyed." He added that there is scarcely a tree left for ornament or use. The troops had to switch to coal for cooking and heating (Thompson n.d.).
An oak branch carved into the shape of a bowl is a cultural resource; the tree it came from, and all its progeny, are natural resources. To some cultural resource advocates, the importance of these oaks to indigenous people becomes significant only when artifacts are involved, but many feel that coast live oaks should be honored in all their complexity and not just when they become utensils.
To many, the Presidio's oak groves are cause for hope. As Francis Bacon reminded us, though, hope is a good breakfast, but a poor supper. Waiting for hope's harvest is a good way to go hungry. This oak grove evokes decades of failed harvests, when the coast live oaks of the Presidio were nearly extinguished. They are visible reminders of what has been lost, of tragedies whose scars are still visible on the land. To this urban dweller teetering here at the end of the 20th century and its ecological catastrophes, coast live oaks are powerful indigenous symbols of hope and historyof culture and nature. But their native land is divided.
--Pete Holloran
excerpted from "Seeing the Trees Through the Forest in the Presidio" in Reclaiming San Francisco (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1998)
Contributors to this page include:
National Park Service - Publisher or Photographer
Holloran,Pete - Writer