View source for Before the Castro: North Beach, a Gay Mecca

'''<font face = Papyrus> <font color = maroon> <font size = 4>Historical Essay</font></font> </font>'''

''by Dick Boyd''
Author of [http://encore.sfpl.org/iii/encore/record/C|Rb2060712|SBroadway+North+Beach|Orightresult|X5;jsessionid=B61FDF08C2B38442A33934D8A564203A?lang=eng&suite=def ''Broadway North Beach: The Golden Years'']

Originally published in [http://www.thd.org/semaphorearchives.html The Semaphore] #189, Winter 2010

[[Image:Front of Mona's 1945.jpg]]

'''Front of Mona's, 1945.'''

{| style="color: black; background-color: #F5DA81;"
| colspan="2" |'''Dick Boyd recounts the Gay and Lesbian scene in North Beach during the 1940s and 50s. He opens the article with his own personal account of going to lesbian bars on Broadway Street as a teenager in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He goes on to describe the scenes at six North Beach bars that he feels “best exemplif[ies] a cross section of gay/lesbian establishments,” including The Paper Doll, The Black Cat, The Beige Room, Mona’s, Tin Angel, and the Fallen Angel apartment. During the 1950s era of sexual repression, the gay community was able to thrive in North Beach by creating a public sphere where gay people and lesbians could be free to talk and create like-minded public communities.'''
|}

This story has been a blast from the past for me. From 1948 through the 50’s I was a habitué of North Beach. I hit many of the watering holes in this story. In 1955, I was a Grey Line Tour Guide for their Night Club tours that made stops at [[Finocchio's|Finocchio’s]], the Gay Nineties and La Casa Dora, all on Broadway. In 1960 I became a partner in Pierre’s Bar at 546 Broadway.

During these years I was an observer of the homophobic behavior of the time. In the 40’s and 50’s and into the early 60’s, gay guys were called either “fairies,” “homos,” “fags,” or “queers.” Lesbians were called “butches” or “bull dykes.” Homophobia reigned. A post WWII “macho” culture prevailed. It was that way in high school and college in both athletics and fraternity life. In fact, the fraternity that a group of my friends and I started in 1948 at San Francisco State, “black balled” (no pun intended), some years after our departure, Johnny Mathis, not because of his race, but because of his sexual orientation. The irony here is that at our founding we had applied for a national charter but declined it after we learned of the national’s racial and religious stipulations. We called ourselves Alpha Zeta Sigma and to us that meant we welcomed everyone from A to Z. But by the mid-fifties that founding principle had been forgotten. 

I was going to all kinds of places in North Beach in the late 40’s and early 50’s. I don’t recall being asked for an ID. My favorite two places were Vesuvio and 12 Adler. In the late 40’s, I was usually with the boys and the focus was on drinking and stories. In the early 50’s I began hitting Broadway for the girls. I did notice that 12 Adler was laden with Butches as well as some foxy ladies. I was running on pure testosterone, so I only focused on the foxes. I don’t recall whether on not I made a convert, but I do remember trying. I never counted how many times I struck out. I just kept stepping up to the plate.

Later at Pierre’s we had a few surprising gay experiences. Our Schlitz beer salesman said he belonged to the [[Mattachine: Radical Roots of the Gay Movement|Mattachine Society]] (a gay political organization formed in the 1930’s lobbying for gay rights). My partner and I never had a clue what it was, and the guy was anything but swishy. Dave Kopay was one of the 49ers that came in on Sundays after 49er games then played at Kezar Stadium. His nickname in training camp was “Animal.” He was the first professional football player to “come out” publicly, a very courageous act at the time. Bill Paul, who was our bouncer for two years (1962 to 1964) and left to train for the US Judo team, becoming captain of the 1964 Olympic team in Tokyo, came out a few years later. He became president of the Stonewall Gay Democratic Club. He died in 1988 from a brain tumor associated with the HIV virus.

Going back to the Gold Rush days the [[BARBARY COAST|Barbary Coast]] extended from the Waterfront to Columbus along Pacific and lower Broadway. In this part of the City morality didn’t seem to be a big issue. Locals, mostly immigrants and many who worked in these joints, had the attitude back then of, “it is what it is.” You make a buck however you can. Even the local churches only paid lip service to the vices in the area.

Many artists came to the city to be involved in the [[SAILING TO BYZANTIUM: 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition|1915 Pan Pacific Exposition]]. Some stayed. During the depression there was the WPA Art Project. A huge influx of artists came from around the world to work on murals, freezes, and sculptures. There was the [[Rincon Annex Post Office|Rincon Annex]], [[Coit Tower Politics|Coit Tower]], the [[Diego Rivera in San Francisco|San Francisco Art Institute]] (not to be confused with the Academy of Arts) and Aquatic Park all in the vicinity of North Beach. The [[Treasure Island Fair|1939/40 World’s Fair]] also drew more “arty” types to the city. Artists fell into the category of [[The Roots of Bohemia|“Bohemians”]] which really became a code word for sexually unconventional. Most lived in North Beach where rents were cheap. It was only natural that gay and lesbian bars would flourish in North Beach and its environs. I should mention here that the preponderance of bars were lesbian. Why? Fewer doors were open through normal channels (work, clubs, organizations) for women to meet other women of a like mind. 

[[World War II: Self-Discovery for Many|During WWII]], San Francisco being their last chance before shipping out, many non-swishy gay soldiers declared their homosexuality rather than face a less than honorable discharge if exposed later. Many lesbians joined the Woman’s Army Corps (WACS), which encouraged the development of “intense comradeship” in their recruitment brochures. Both services were stationed in the Presidio and they took their leaves in a friendly city. After the war many simply stayed here where they could find support for their sexuality. North Beach became their community.

I have focused on six clubs that best exemplify a cross section of gay/lesbian establishments.

'''Tommy’s Joint, 299 Broadway, 1948 to 1952, Tommy’s Place, 529 Broadway, 1952 to 1954''' (Now the Garden of Eden)

Tommy Vasu was the first known lesbian to legally own a bar in San Francisco. When out on the town she dressed like a man in double-breasted suits, wide tie and a fedora hat. She used the men’s room, had a beautiful blond girlfriend and loved to gamble. In short, she was a risk taker. She often came into Pierre’s for high stakes prearranged liar’s dice games with artist/entrepreneur Walter Keane.

The 299 Broadway site was where businessmen from the nearby financial district could find a willing hooker out of sight of prying eyes at places like Paoli’s. Stevedores from the docks close by also partook of the hookers on paydays. The hookers were the girlfriends of the butches who hung out there. 

Adjoining Tommy’s Place was 12 Adler (now [[SPEC'S: A Durable Legend|Specs]]) accessible by a back staircase. It was a lesbian pick-up rendezvous. Upstairs was entertainment pretty much by whoever cared to perform. During a purge of gay bars in the early 50’s, 12 Adler lost its liquor license in what appeared to outsiders as a set-up. Drugs were found taped to the drain under the sink in the ladies room. 

Tommy ran the Broadway Parking concession and was around Broadway until the mid 60’s. Tommy’s high maintenance blond was a heroin addict and Tommy became a dealer to supply her needs. She got busted and sent to Tehachapi where she was murdered shortly after her release. 

[[Image:Jeannie-Sullivan-&-Tommy-Vasu-far-rt.Taken-at-Mona's-.jpg]]

'''Jeannie Sullivan & Tommy Vasu (far right) taken at Mona’s.'''

'''The Paper Doll, 1949 to 1961'''

Located on Cadell Place just off Union was a gay bar/restaurant. It was owned by New Pisa restaurant owner and North Beach baseball legend Dante Benedetti. I lived around the corner on Grant and ate there frequently. The food was excellent. You could get a steak with all the trimmings for $1.65. I could even afford to tip at those prices. In the late 1950’s and early 60’s the Paper Doll held Halloween parties overflowing down Union and up to Grant. There was a contest held for the best costume and drag queens came from as far away as New York to compete for the crown. Dante got busted in the same purge of gay bars as Tommy Vasu. He pursued appeals but finally lost the battle in 1961. Later the place became the Manhattan Towers, owned by Katherine James, and leaned more towards a lesbian pick-up place.

Peter De Lucca (now at Francis Ford Coppola’s Café Zoetrope) tended bar for her and relates this classic story from her 50th birthday celebration:

''"The staff had a big party for her and she got 'legless drunk' and passed out. She lived right upstairs and Peter carried her home. Keep in mind Katherine was a full on 'butch' lesbian. He completely undressed her and put her in bed. He then arranged her clothes from the entry door right up to her bedside starting with her dress down to the undies, put his watch and cigarette lighter on the nightstand and left. When she came to work the next day she returned his watch and lighter, gave Peter the 'look' but never said a word. To her dying day Peter never told her and she never asked what if anything happened that night."''

[[Image:Black-Cat-Menu-1950.jpg]]

'''The Black Cat, 710 Montgomery, 1933 to 1963''' (Now Bocadillo’s)

A Bohemian hangout located right across from “The Monkey (read Montgomery Street) Block Building,” home of Bohemian legends William Saroyan, [[Beniamino Bufano on Public Art|Benny Bufano]] and Enrico Banducci. They, along with socialites, gays and “butches” cruising for new talent, bikers, the curious and college kids like myself looking for a cheap meal, could be seen there. On a Sunday morning you could cure a hangover with a great breakfast and a couple of Bloody Marys for under $3 bucks.

In 1949, straight [[The Black Cat Cafe|Black Cat]] owner Sol Stouman took the issues of identifying and serving homosexuals to court (''Stouman vs Reilly'') and won. George Reilly was the head of the Board of Equalization (BOE), which at the time was in charge of enforcement and taxation. This was before the Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) and enforcement at bars and clubs was hazy at best. The SFPD was saying that the Black Cat was attracting undesirables and Stouman was being harassed and threatened with closure by the SFPD, the BOE and later the ABC. For help, Stouman formed the San Francisco Tavern Guild, which became the first gay bar association and still functions to this day. However, the reformers (SFPD and the State Legislature) were relentless in their legal efforts and eventually, after new legislation, the courts overturned the earlier ruling which forced the Black Cat to close October 30th, 1963, after a 14-year legal struggle.

[[Image:James-MacGuiness.Pianist-Black-Cat--1965.jpg]]

'''James MacGuiness, pianist, Black Cat, 1965'''

'''The Beige Room, 831 Broadway, 1949 to 1958''' (Now the Woo Yee Children’s Services)

Strictly gay, it featured female impersonators who were mostly gay. Unlike Finocchio’s it was not a tourist trap and gay men felt more comfortable hanging out there. Also unlike Finocchio’s, where owner Joe Finocchio forbade such socialization for fear of losing his liquor license, the openly gay performers often socialized with the customers. This often led to wild after hour parties. Many of San Francisco’s high society were to be seen there on special occasions, one of which was the Tavern Guild’s Beaux Arts Ball, which like the Halloween event at the Paper Doll, was all about the costumes featured by the drag queens. The establishment even had its own columnist Henry Diekow who called himself Baroness Von Dieckoff and called his column “Bag-a-Drag-by the Bay” mimicking Herb Caen’s column “Baghdad-by-the-Bay”. 

'''Mona’s, 440 Broadway, 1939 to 1948'''

Lesbian Pick-up and Male Impersonators. Women dressed like men and entertained customers. Mona Sargent and then husband Jimmie started the biz right after the repeal of Prohibition at 451 Union Street (1933 to 1935), on the corner of Varennes, between Grant and Kearny (now the Diamond Nail Waxing). In 1936 they moved to 140 Columbus (now the Purple Onion). In 1939 they moved to 440 Broadway. It was actually opened by Charlie Murray as the “440” but he soon brought in Mona as a partner and it became “Mona’s 440.” Often men had to front for lesbians in bars and clubs in order to get the approval of the Board of Equalization for their liquor license. Mona’s flourished during WWII and the Korean War. It was a favorite with lesbians but even with servicemen as it was not “off-limits.” Tourist loved it for its entertainment but also knew they might be able to connect with someone of the same sex which could not happen back home. 

[[Image:gay1$impersonators.jpg]]

'''Male Impersonators at Mona's in [[Before the Castro: North Beach, a Gay Mecca|North Beach]], circa 1945. Standing (l to r): "Butch," Jan Jansen, Kay Scott, Jimmy Renard. Seated: (l to r): "Mike," Beverly Shaw, unidentified, "Mickey".'''

''Photo: Gay and Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California''

It became Ann’s 440 Club in the mid fifties run by Ann Dee. Johnny Mathis sang there under the tutelage of Ann who helped him with his stage presence. Lenny Bruce appeared there when his act was more New York Jewish humor than the anger he later fell into in his performances. Ann gave a lot of aspiring performers a chance to get on stage and worked with and helped train them. 

[[Image:Tin-Angel-Crowd.jpg]]

'''The crowd at the Tin Angel, late 1950s.'''

''Photo: Jerry Stoll''

'''The Tin Angel, 981 Embarcadero, Restaurant/Night Club (Lesbian),1953 to c. 1962.''' 

Originally opened and owned by artist/poet/raconteur/entrepreneur Peggy Tolk-Watkins, the Tin Angel was located about where Greenwich hits the Embarcadero opposite Pier 23. The Angel was situated in a hand-decorated converted warehouse that resembled a museum of Tolk-Watkins’ worldwide collectibles. For entertainment it featured Jazz. Entertainers such as folk singer Odetta and the “Creole Songbird” Lizzie Miles appeared there along with local favorites such as Turk Murphy and Bob Scobey and his Frisco Jazz Band. When Peggy bailed from the Angel it was taken over by Jazz legend Kid Ory who cleaned out Peggy’s furniture, painted its walls with an antiseptic white and destroyed its campy atmosphere in the process. Savvy bar/club owners have a saying, “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it!” (Later Guy Ferri at the Washington Square Bar & Grill learned this the hard way) It never recovered its original ambiance and in 1962 succumbed to the [[The Freeway Revolt|Embarcadero Freeway]]. 

[[Image:Folk-Watkins.jpg]]

'''Peggy Tolk-Watkins, 1950s.'''

''Photo: Jerry Stoll''

In 1954 Tolk-Watkins, in partnership with Sally Stanford (who held the lease), opened the Fallen Angel at 1144 Pine Street, an apt name for the business place of former Madam Sally Stanford. The talented (she was good enough to have an exhibition at De Young Museum) and versatile Tolk-Watkins hit the Bay Area like a comet but flamed out in 1973 at the age of 51 after living life full speed. With a cigarette in one hand and a drink in the other she loved to discuss (read debate) issues with customers and friends. She left an indelible mark with anyone who met her. 

Looking back from a perspective of close to 50 years, it’s easy to see how the mix of artsy bohemianism, tolerance and low rents made for an environment that allowed the gay lifestyle to prosper. All these ingredients are still in place in our neighborhood—except for maybe the low rents.


<font size=4>'''Other Gay and Lesbian Establishments'''</font size>

'''Artists Club'''—345 Pacific Ave, 1946–1949: Now a parking lot. Lesbian pick-up place.

'''The Anxious Asp'''—528 Green Street—Bohemian/Lesbian, 1958–1967: Opened and owned by Arlene Arbuckle

'''Blanco’s Tavern'''—905 Kearny St., (Manilatown) Female impersonators, mostly gay Filipino men, and pick-up place, 1943 to mid 1950’s: Run by Kay Blanco (half Filipino and Caucasian and a lesbian)—owned by her father. It is now the “Grassland Cocktail Lounge.”
 
'''The Chi Chi'''—467 Broadway, Night Club, 1949–1956: Gay & Lesbian friendly, owned by Andy and Ted Marefos. Eventually became the Pink Elephant and then by 1966 became the Club Fuji.

'''The Capri aka The Kiwi'''—1326 Grant Avenue, Lesbian bar, pick-up place, 1964–1972. Now the Royale North Beach Bar.

'''Cargo West'''—1105 Battery, Restaurant/Night Club, 1968–1976: Ironically now “Retail West,” a commercial real estate business. They had never heard of the Cargo West. 

'''The Colony Club'''—711 Pacific, 1965–1976: Lesbian, now the Ping Yuen Tenants Association, a San Francisco Housing Authority project for Chinese.

'''Copper Lantern'''—1335 Grant Ave, 1955–1965: Lesbian, opened by Lisa and Mike, two former Paper Doll waitresses. It somehow survived the anti-gay purge of the Christopher regime and in the 60’s they tried Go Go dancers for a while. In 1966 it became the “Crown Room” for an undetermined period. This location is now “Chong’s Barber and Beauty Shop.”
 
'''Jackson’s'''—2237 Powell Street (Next to Caesars Restaurant), Male Bar/Restaurant, 1961–1976:  A neighbor told me when they moved out he counted 28 mattresses being tossed out of the second floor window. 

'''Katie’s Opera Bar'''—1441 Grant Ave., Bar, 1965–1976: Now the Blue Sparrow Pilates.

'''La Vie Parisian'''—574 Pacific, bar/nightclub, Female Impersonators, 1947–1950.

'''Mary’s Tower'''—1500 Grant corner of Union—Lesbian bar/restaurant—1953 to 1967. Now the Mea Cines Ancient and Modern Artifacts.

'''Miss Smith’s Tea Room'''—1353 Grant Ave., 1954–1960, Lesbian pick-up place: Now “Maggie McGarry’s,” the owner was Connie Smith, a former Artists Club waitress.
 
'''Mona’s Candle Light Room'''—473 Broadway, 1948–1957, Lesbian: owned by Mona Sargent (formerly of Mona’s) with partner Wilma Swarts. Later it became the Club Gala owned by Pete Marino, local Galileo HS boy. Later this location housed the Jazz Workshop, Burp Hollow and the Dixie Land Jazz. These Clubs all “morphed” between 473 and 477 where the Bamboo Hut is located today.

[[Image:Bandstand.jpg]]

'''Inside the Tin Angel, late 1950s.'''

''Photo: Jerry Stoll''


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